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RESEARCH ON THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF HERBS & SUPPLEMENTS

 

This data base is a work in progress and even though it is unfinished it is being presented here for the purpose

of disseminating scientific studies on the health benefits of herbs and supplements.

 

John G. Connor, M.Ac., L.Ac.

June 2005

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.      Introduction

2.      Herbs and their Common Uses

3.      Supplements and their Common Uses

4.      Conditions that are Treated by Herbs and Supplements

5.      Safety Issues with Herbs and Supplements

6.      Dangerous Herbs

7.      Systematic Reviews On The Efficacy And Safety Of Herbs

8.      Towards A Better Understanding Of Herbs And Supplements

9.      References

 

INTRODUCTION

 

§         B = Bratman, Steven, MD & Andrea M. Girman, MD MPH, Mosby’s Handbook of Herbs and Supplements and their Therapeutic Uses, St Louis: Mosby, 2003

§         L = Lininger, Schuyler W, Jr. DC, Editor in-Chief, The Natural Pharmacy, Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1999

§         S = Skidmore-Roth, Linda, Mosby’s Handbook of Herbs & Natural Supplements, 2nd edition, St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2004

§         W = Werbach, Melvyn R., M.D., Nutritional Influences on Illness, Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1996

§         Y = Yance, Donald R, Jr., C.N., M.H., A.H.G., Herbal Medicine, Healing & Cancer, Chicago: Keats Publishing, 1999

 

HERB AND THEIR COMMON USES

·        Aloe

o       Aloe is useful when applied topically for genital herpes. In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study use of aloe cream resulted in a reduced mean time to healing and increased total number of healed patients. (Syed et al 1997) (B 363)

o       Aloe is useful when applied topically for psoriasis.  In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study aloe cream produced significant improvement compared to placebo. (Syed et al 1996) (B 363)

o       Aloe is useful when applied topically for seborrhea.  In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study aloe ointment could significantly reduce symptoms of seborrhea. (Vardy et al 1999) (B 363)

o       Aloe is useful when taken orally for diabetes.  In a single-blind, placebo-controlled study those taking glibenclamide and aloe showed improvements in blood glucose levels over a six week period that compared to those taking glibenclamide and placebo. (Bunyapraphatsara et al 1996) ( (B 363)

o       In a systematic review by Yeh et al (2003) on herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes they concluded that other supplements with positive preliminary results include Aloe vera.

o       Andrographis can be used to treat symptoms of the common cold. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study158 persons with colds received 1200 mg daily of an andrographis extract (standardized to contain 5% andrographolide) or placebo for 4 days.  By day 2 of treatment, and even more, by day 4, persons given andrographis extract experienced significant improvements in symptoms compared to the placebo group.  The greatest response was seen in earache, sleeplessness, nasal drainage and sore throat. (Caceres et al, 1999) (B 369)

o       Andrographis can be used for prevention of the common cold.  A 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 107 persons found that prophylactic treatment with andrographis at the low dose of 200 mg/day significantly reduced the risk of infection. (Caceres et al, 1997) (B369)

o       Artichoke is used to lower cholesterol levels; and it may protect the liver from harmful effects (Kraft, 1997)(S 56) 

o       Astragalus improves immune function in a number of ways: it increases the numbers of both macrophages and white blood cells, it increases immunoglobulins A, G and M; it increases the functioning of B-cells and T-cells; and it may intensify phagocytosis, stimulate pituitary-adrenal activity and stimulate production of interferon.  These research studies provide evidence of the use of astragalus to treat cancer and other conditions with decreased immune response such as HIV/AIDS. (Kajimura et al 1997) (S 62)

o       In a study using an extract of Atractylodes lancea which contained 80% galacturonic acid it was shown to play a major role in the protective activity against Candida-infected mice. (Inagaki et al 2001)

o       Bilberry significantly improves night vision; in addition it may be useful for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma, cataracts and macular degeneration of the eye (Bravetti, 1989)(S 106)

Black cohosh Studies by Stolze (1982), Warnecke (1985) and Stoll (1987) provide adequate evidence to support the use of black cohosh as an alternative to estrogen therapy in menopausal women.  Unlike estrogens, black cohosh does not affect the secretion of prolactin, FSH or LH (Freudenstein, 2002)(S)

o       A study published in 1998 found 70% of patients suffering from bronchial asthma improved when treated with Boswellia serrata gum resin. (Gupta et al 1998)

o       A study published in 2001 found that gum resin preparation from Boswellia serrata could be effective in the treatment of chronic colitis with minimal side effects. (Gupta et al 2001)

o       In clinical trials of Boswellia, promising results were observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic colitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, bronchial asthma and peritumoral brain edemas. (Ammon 2002)

o       Boswellia decreases leukotriene synthesis that is responsible for maintaining inflammation and edema. (Bruneton, 1995; Gupta et al, 1997)(S)

Chasteberry (Chaste tree)(Vitex agnus castus) Three studies have shown that chaste tree significantly reduces PMS symptoms. (Lauritzen, 1997; Berger, 2000; Loch, 2000)(S)

o       An unpublished trial presented at the June 2001 American Urological Assn. found that both cranberry juice and cranberry tablets significantly reduced the number of episodes of symptomatic urinary tract infections. (Stothers, 2001) (B 490)

o       Two studies found that cranberry juice is useful in the prevention (but not the treatment of) of urinary tact infections. (Jackson, 1997; Jepson, 2000) (S 324)

o       One study found that the proanthocyanidins in cranberry juice altered subgingival microbes and therefore would be able to control periodontal disease. (Weiss, 1998) (S 325 & B 491)

o       Turmeric extracts were found to lower LDL and total cholesterol in one human study. (Soni, 1992) (B 502)

o       One study using 500 mg curcumin four times daily found clinically significant benefits in 116 patients being treated for dyspepsia. (Thamlikitkul, 1989) (B 501)

o       A study published in 2000 demonstrated the anti-cancer and antioxidant actions of 3 chemical components of turmeric on leukemia, CNS disorders, renal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and melanoma. (Ramsewak, 2000) (S 909)

o       One study in mice showed restoration of suppressed immune function with dandelion (Luo, 1993) (S 343)

o       The bitter principles in the leaves and roots of dandelion increase bile production in the gallbladder and bile flow from the liver. (Behm, 1959)(L 416)

o       One animal study using devil’s claw demonstrated that it exerts a protective action in hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias (Costa De Pasquale, 1985) (S 347)

o       Dong Quai has been shown to decrease intraocular pressure (Yoshihiro, 1985) (S358)

o       Individuals with recent onset of a respiratory infection showed significant benefit from Echinacea.  (Brinkeborn et al, 1999) (B527)

o       A study found that Eleutherococcus (2 g daily) reduced the frequency of infections by approximately 50% in a group of 93 men and women suffering from recurrent herpes infections. (Williams 1995) (B535)

o       A review of Russian studies showed that Eleutherococcus resulted in general improvement in physical performance and mental agility, adaptation to temperature fluctuations, resistance to immune insults and strengthening of cardiovascular parameters. (Farnsworth et al 1985) (B535)

o       In a systematic review done by Thompson-Coon and Ernst (2003) they found fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) demonstrated reductions in total serum cholesterol levels of between 10% and 33%.

o       Ernst & Pittler (2000) conducted an update of a systematic review on the efficacy and safety of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) they concluded that feverfew is likely to be effective in the prevention of migraine and that there are no major safety problems.

o       In a study of 57 patients with severe migraine headaches, use of feverfew significantly reduced pain intensity, vomiting, and noise sensitivity (Palevitch, 1997) (S401)

o       A study on migraine sufferers demonstrated that feverfew acts as a significant preventive when taken for 4 months. (Murphy, 1988) (S402)

○       Feverfew may decrease the release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in joints that are arthritic and inflamed (Heptinstall, 1998) (S402)

○       Feverfew inhibits arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes that may increase inflammation. (Williams, 1995) (S402)

o       The root of fo-ti has been shown to lower triglyceride accumulations in animal livers. (Liu 1992)  (S413)

o       One study has shown fo-ti extract to provide myocardial protective action against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (Yim 2000) (S413)

o       A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 70 pregnant women with morning sickness found that ginger significantly reduced nausea and the number of vomiting episodes. (Vutyavanich et al, 2001) (B589) 

o       Benefits of using ginger in treating the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy were seen in a double-blind crossover trial of 27 women. (Fischer-Rasmussen et al 1991) (B589)

o       In a study involving 56 patients (28 with rheumatoid arthritis, 18 with osteoarthritis and 10 with muscular discomfort) who used powdered ginger against their afflictions.  Amongst the arthritis patients more than 75% experienced, to varying degrees, relief in pain and swelling.  All the patients with muscular discomfort experienced pain relief. It is suggested that at least one of the mechanisms by which ginger shows its ameliorative effects could be related to inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis, i.e., it works as a dual inhibitor of eicosanoid biosynthesis. (Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992)

o       According to a study done on rats ginger is as effective as aspirin in reducing yeast-induced fever. (Mascolo, 1989) (S 437)

o       A well-regarded double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Ginkgo in dementia (primarily Alzheimer’s) found significant improvement in a performance-based test of memory and language. (LeBars et al, 1997) (B594)

o       The results of six double-blind studies suggest that ginkgo might be useful for ordinary age-related memory loss. (Allain et al, 1993; Rigney et al, 1999; Winther et al, 1998; Brautigam et al, 1998; Mix & Crews, 2000 and Rai et al, 1991) (B595)

o       A 3 month, double-blind study of 70 persons with a variety of vertiginous syndromes found that ginkgo extract given at a dose of 160 mg twice daily produced results superior to placebo. (Haguenauer et al, 1986) (B597)

o       Approximately 50 controlled studies between 1975 and 1997 have demonstrated the positive effects of ginkgo in the treatment of cerebral insufficiency.  All studies incorporated various dosages and varying lengths of treatment, and all results were positive. (Hadjiivanova, 2002; Schulz, 1997) (S442)

Licorice

Milk thistle (silymarin) (silibinin)

White willow

 

SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR COMMON USES

o       5 -HTP is useful for anxiety (Kahn et al, 1987), obesity (Cangiano et al, 1992), tension headache prophylaxis (Longo et al, 1984) and migraine headache prophylaxis. (Titus et al, 1986) (B, 359)

o       5-HTP is useful for depression.  A 6 week, double-blind trial of 63 individuals given either 5-HTP (100 mg three times daily) or fluvoxamine (50 mg three times daily) showed equivalent improvements in depressive symptomatology. (Byerley et al, 1987) (B359)

o       A review done at UNC and published in 2000 found that overall it appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids) especially those from food sources, have important roles in preventing pathogenic processes related to cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration, cataracts and asthma and may enhance immune function. (McDermott 2000)

o       Two studies have shown that doses of 1.1 to 1.4 g GLA in borage seed oil reduces joint inflammation significantly (Pullman-Mooar, 1990; Leventhal, 1993) (S, 162)

o       Several studies have shown the positive effects of carnitine in post myocardial infarction recovery, intermittent claudication, angina and congestive heart failure. (Davini, 1992; Illicento, 1995 and Singh, 1996) (S, 211) 

o        Bioflavonoids, particularly diosmin and herperidin have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of hemorrhoids and varicose veins. (Cospite, 1994)

o       Diosmin/Hesperidin supplementation has been shown to be beneficial for significantly reducing the frequency and severity of hemorrhoidal exacerbations (Godeberge, 1994) and with bleeding hemorrhoids (Misra et al, 2000)(B 520)

o       A study of 59 hypertensive men found that 120 mg of CoQ10 daily reduced the average systolic blood pressure by 10% and the diastolic blood pressure by about 9%. (Singh et al, 1999) (B 476)

o       A study done on 83 persons with isolated systolic hypertension found improvements using 60mg per day of CoQ10. (Burke et al, 2001) (B 476)

o       Highly preliminary evidence suggests that DHEA might be helpful for chronic fatigue syndrome. (Himmel et al, 1999) (B 517)

o       DHEA was found to reduce many symptoms in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus.  However it was found to adversely affect the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL and to raise levels of testosterone. (Mease et al, 2000) (van Vollenhoven et al, 1999)(B 515)

o       DHEA may have an anti-osteoporotic effect especially in women over 70, but probably not in men. (Labrie et al, 1997) (B 515)

o       A study using a combination of evening primrose oil and borage oil showed positive results in rheumatologic conditions. (Belch 2000) (S162)

o       Thirteen double-blind, placebo-controlled studies involving a total of more than 500 individuals found that omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. (James & Cleland 1997; Volker et al 2000)

o       A meta-analysis of all published trials suggests that high intake of fish or fish oil can reduce overall mortality, heart disease mortality and sudden cardiac death. (Bucher et al 2002) (B554)

o       Preliminary controlled studies suggest that fish oil may be of benefit in systemic lupus erythematosus. (Walton et al 1991)(B556)

o       Small human trials suggest that flaxseed can improve lipid profiles. (Jenkins et al 1999; Tarpila et al 1997; Lucas et al 2002) (B561)

o       Observational studies suggest that lignan-containing foods (such as flaxseed) are associated with a lower incidence of breast and perhaps colon cancer. (Adlercreutz & Mazur 1997) (B561)

o       One study showed a significantly reduced incidence of breast cancer when women consumed high levels of phytoestrogens such as the lignans found in flax products. (Ingram 1997) (S410)

o       In one study 38 postmenopausal women with elevated cholesterol were given whole flaxseed and sunflower seed.  In the experimental group, cholesterol dropped by nearly 15%. (Arjmandi 1999) (S410)

o       Observational studies suggest that a high intake of folate may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease by 50%, possibly by reducing homocysteine levels. (Rimm et al 1998) (B567)

Ipriflavone

Iron

○       Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune disease.  Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory disease reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs. (Simopoulus 2002)

o       A review of 38 controlled studies on soy and heart disease concluded that soy is definitely effective at reducing total cholesterol, LDL levels, and triglycerides. (Anderson et al, 1995) (B681)  One double-blind study involving 66 older women taking soy protein found improvements in HDL levels as well. (Baum et al 1998) (B681)

o       A double-blind, placebo controlled study involving 104 women with menopausal symptoms found that soy protein provided significant relief as compared to placebo. (Albertazzi et al, 1998) (B681)  Similarly, after 3 weeks, participants taking daily doses of 60 g of soy protein were having 26% fewer hot flashes, and by week 12, the reduction was 45%. (Albertazzi et al, 1998) (B681)

o       In one study, that evaluated the benefits of soy isoflavones in osteoporosis, a total of 66 postmenopausal women took either placebo (soy protein with isoflavones removed) or soy protein containing 56 or 90 mg of soy isoflavones daily for 6 months.  The group that took the higher dosage of isoflavones showed significant gains in spinal bone density. (Knight et al, 1999) (B682) 

o       Unlike estrogen, which inhibits bone resorption, the soy isoflavone genistein may enhance new bone formation. (Fanti et al 1998) (B683)

o       Soy isoflavones may exert preventive effects in some forms of cancer, primarily hormone-dependent cancers. (Messina et al 1994; Goodman et al 1997; Ingram et al, 1997) (B683)

o       A recent study shows that bone loss in the spine decreases with the addition of soy-rich products to the diets of perimenopausal women. (Alekel, 2000) (S884)

o       A recent study postulates that the isoflavones and other chemical constituents of soy may lower the cancer risk of postmenopausal women by altering estrogen metabolism such that genotoxic metabolites are converted to inactive metabolites. (Xu, 2000) (S884)

○       Genistein has been shown to decrease prostatic cancer and to increase the immune response in laboratory animals. (Zhang, 1997) (S884)

○       A group of 58 menopausal women, who experienced an average of 14 hot flashes per week, supplemented their diets with either wheat flour or soy flour every day for 3 months; the women taking the soy reduced their hot flashes by 40%. (Murkies et al, 1995) (L332)

 

CONDITIONS  THAT ARE TREATED BY HERBS AND SUPPLEMENTS

o       A well-regarded double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Ginkgo in dementia (primarily Alzheimer’s) found significant improvement in a performance-based test of memory and language. (LeBars et al, 1997) (B594)

○       A study published in 2000 found that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is highly bioavailable and provides significantly greater protection against free radicals and free radical-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage than vitamins C, E and beta-carotene.  GSPE was also shown to demonstrate cytotoxicity towards human breast, lung and gastric adenocarcinoma cells, while enhancing the growth and viability of normal human gastric mucosal cells. (Bagchi et al 2000)

○       A review done at UNC and published in 2000 found that overall it appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids) especially those from food sources, have important roles in preventing pathogenic processes related to cancer. (McDermott 2000)