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RESEARCH ON THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF HERBS & SUPPLEMENTS
(This data base is
a work in progress and even though it is unfinished it is being presented here
for the purpose
of disseminating
scientific studies on the health benefits of herbs and supplements.)
John G. Connor,
M.Ac., L.Ac.
June 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Introduction
2.
Herbs and their Common Uses
3.
Supplements and their Common Uses
4.
Conditions that are Treated by Herbs and Supplements
5.
Safety Issues with Herbs and Supplements
6.
Dangerous Herbs
7.
Systematic Reviews On The Efficacy And Safety Of Herbs
8.
Towards A Better Understanding Of Herbs And Supplements
9.
References
- Barbara and I hope that the eventual completion of this
data base will help give a deeper
appreciation of the healing properties and therapeutic uses of the many
wonderful herbs and supplements that we use and are being used around the
world today. In the meantime we hope that you find the information useful and
helpful in your quest for optimal health. In the extracts of the reviews on
herbs and supplements that follow we have endeavored to list only uses for
which there have been clinical or animal studies done. In a few
instances we cite cases in which herbs or supplements are being investigated
for use in specific conditions. We decided not to include anecdotally
based information in this data base -- although more and more of the traditional uses of herbs
and supplements are being confirmed by scientific studies as interest in the
health applications of herbal and nutritional medicine continues to
grow.
- Key to main references consulted:
§
B = Bratman, Steven, MD & Andrea M. Girman, MD MPH, Mosby’s
Handbook of Herbs and Supplements and their Therapeutic Uses, St Louis:
Mosby, 2003
§
L = Lininger, Schuyler W, Jr. DC, Editor in-Chief, The Natural
Pharmacy, Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1999
§
S = Skidmore-Roth, Linda, Mosby’s Handbook of Herbs & Natural
Supplements, 2nd edition, St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2004
§
W = Werbach, Melvyn R., M.D., Nutritional Influences on
Illness, Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1996
§
Y = Yance, Donald R, Jr., C.N., M.H., A.H.G., Herbal Medicine,
Healing & Cancer, Chicago: Keats Publishing, 1999
·
Aloe
o
Aloe
is useful when applied topically for genital herpes. In one double-blind,
placebo-controlled study use of aloe cream resulted in a reduced mean time to
healing and increased total number of healed patients. (Syed et al 1997) (B 363)
o
Aloe
is useful when applied topically for psoriasis. In one double-blind,
placebo-controlled study aloe cream produced significant improvement compared to
placebo. (Syed et al 1996) (B 363)
o
Aloe
is useful when applied topically for seborrhea. In one double-blind,
placebo-controlled study aloe ointment could significantly reduce symptoms of
seborrhea. (Vardy et al 1999) (B 363)
o
Aloe
is useful when taken orally for diabetes. In a single-blind, placebo-controlled
study those taking glibenclamide and aloe showed improvements in blood glucose
levels over a six week period that compared to those taking glibenclamide and
placebo. (Bunyapraphatsara et al 1996) ( (B 363)
o
In a
systematic review by Yeh et al (2003) on herbs and dietary supplements for
glycemic control in diabetes they concluded that other supplements with positive
preliminary results include Aloe vera.
- American Ginseng
see Ginseng
- Andrographis
o
Andrographis can be used to treat symptoms of the common cold. In
a double-blind placebo-controlled study158 persons with colds received 1200 mg
daily of an andrographis extract (standardized to contain 5% andrographolide) or
placebo for 4 days. By day 2 of treatment, and even more, by day 4, persons
given andrographis extract experienced significant improvements in symptoms
compared to the placebo group. The greatest response was seen in earache,
sleeplessness, nasal drainage and sore throat. (Caceres et al, 1999) (B 369)
o
Andrographis can be used for
prevention of the common cold. A 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled
study of 107 persons found that prophylactic treatment with andrographis at the
low dose of 200 mg/day significantly reduced the risk of infection. (Caceres et
al, 1997) (B369)
o
Artichoke is used to lower cholesterol levels; and it may protect
the liver from harmful effects (Kraft, 1997)(S 56)
-
In a systematic review done by Thompson-Coon
and Ernst (2003) they found that artichoke (Cynara scolymus) demonstrated
reductions in total serum cholesterol levels of between 10% and 33%.
o
Astragalus improves immune function in a number of ways: it
increases the numbers of both macrophages and white blood cells, it increases
immunoglobulins A, G and M; it increases the functioning of B-cells and T-cells;
and it may intensify phagocytosis, stimulate pituitary-adrenal activity and
stimulate production of interferon. These research studies provide evidence of
the use of astragalus to treat cancer and other conditions with decreased immune
response such as HIV/AIDS. (Kajimura et al 1997) (S 62)
o
In a study using an extract of Atractylodes lancea which contained
80% galacturonic acid it was shown to play a major role in the protective
activity against Candida-infected mice. (Inagaki et al 2001)
- Berberine (Barberry) (Berberis
aquifolium)
-
Several studies have found barberry to be
effective against a wide variety of fungi, protozoans, helminths, viruses
and bacteria including Chlamydia, Bacillus spp., Candida spp,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, E. coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia
lamblia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Leishmaniasis spp., Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Shigella boydii, Staphlyococcus spp., Streptococcus pyogenes,
Trichomonas vaginalis and Vibrio cholerae. (Altern, 2000; Amin; 1969;
Nakamoto, 1990; Subbaiah, 1967; Gupte, 1975)(S 71)
-
It can also suppress premature ventricular
contractions without serious side effects. (Huang 1990)(S 71)
- Betel Palm (Areca
catechu) (pan parag)
- Chewing betel decreases symptomatology in
schizophrenia. (Sullivan, 2000)(S 97)
- It has an antidepressant action (Dar, 1997; Van der
Hyden, 1987), lowers the heart rate and induces euphoria. And it has been
shown to produce inhibitory as well as stimulatory effects on thyroid
function. (Panda, 1998)(S 97)
o
Bilberry significantly improves night vision; in addition it may
be useful for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma, cataracts and macular
degeneration of the eye (Bravetti, 1989)(S 106)
-
Bilberry extracts appear to reduce capillary
leakage in venous insufficiency. (Morazzoni et al 1996)(B 393)
-
Bitter melon may improve glucose control in
type 2 diabetes. (Srivastava et al 1993)(B 399)
-
In a systematic review by Yeh et al (2003)
on herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes
they concluded that other supplements
with positive preliminary results include bitter melon (Momordica
charantia).
Black cohosh Studies by Stolze
(1982), Warnecke (1985) and Stoll (1987) provide adequate evidence to support
the use of black cohosh as an alternative to estrogen therapy in menopausal
women. Unlike estrogens, black cohosh does not affect the secretion of
prolactin, FSH or LH (Freudenstein, 2002)(S)
- Black pepper
One study has shown the antibacterial effect
of black pepper against Staphylococcus aureus growth (Nakatani, 1986) and
other studies have shown a chemoprotective effect in the colon. (Nalini,
1998)(S)
- Borage
-
Two studies have shown that in doses of 1.1
to 1.4 GLA in borage seed oil reduces joint inflammation significantly
(Pullman-Mooar, 1990; Leventhal, 1993)
-
One study has shown that the high levels of
GLA in borage oil are responsible for its ability to decrease hypertension.
(Engler, 1998) (S)
o
A study published in 1998 found 70% of patients suffering from
bronchial asthma improved when treated with Boswellia serrata gum resin. (Gupta
et al 1998)
o
A study published in 2001 found that gum resin preparation from
Boswellia serrata could be effective in the treatment of chronic colitis with
minimal side effects. (Gupta et al 2001)
o
In clinical trials of Boswellia, promising results were observed
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic colitis, ulcerative colitis,
Crohn’s disease, bronchial asthma and peritumoral brain edemas. (Ammon 2002)
o
Boswellia decreases leukotriene synthesis that is responsible for
maintaining inflammation and edema. (Bruneton, 1995; Gupta et al, 1997)(S)
-
Preliminary research suggests that Boswellia
may protect cartilage from damage (Reddy, 1989)(B)
- Bupleurum
Preliminary research shows that active components found in bupleurum possess
anti-hypercholesterolemic effects, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects as
well as exhibiting potent cytotoxic actions against human hepatocellular
carcinoma cells. (Cheng et al 2004; Wang et al 2004; Chiang et al 2003)
- Burdock
Preliminary studies have shown that burdock
root has hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antitumor and hepatoprotective effects.
(S)
- Butcher’s Broom
Several studies have confirmed the use of butcher’s broom in treating chronic
venous insufficiency (Cappelli, 1988; Facino, 1995; Bouskela, 1994 and
Vanscheidt, 2002)(S)
- Butterbur
-
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
showed that the total number of days of migraine pain were significantly
reduced by butterbur compared to the placebo group. (Grossmann, 2000)(B)
-
Another study showed a 56% reduction in
migraines. (Eaton 1998)(S)
-
A 2 week double-blind study on patients
suffering from allergic rhinitis comparing butterbur extract to cetirizine
found that both treatments were equally effective. (Schapowal, 2002)(B & L)
- Capsaicin (Capsicum,
Cayenne)
-
Research has shown that capsaicin cream is
an effective and safe treatment for relief of the pain associated with
diabetic neuropathy. (Tandan, 1992)(S)
-
The FDA has approved a capsaicin cream for
the treatment of post herpetic neuralgia. There is also evidence that
capsaicin cream may be helpful for relieving various types of arthritis as
well as fibromyalgia. (B)
-
Capsaicin was found to protect against H
pylori-associated gastrointestinal disease. (Jones, 1997)(S)
- Cat’s claw (Una de gato)
(Uncaria)
A poorly designed study found suggestive evidence that cat’s claw might reduce
osteoarthritis symptoms. (Piscoya,
2001)(B)
Chasteberry (Chaste tree)(Vitex agnus castus)
Three studies have shown that chaste tree significantly reduces PMS
symptoms. (Lauritzen, 1997; Berger, 2000; Loch, 2000)(S)
-
Cinnamon bark has been shown to be effective
against Candida albicans, Aspergillus spp., Histoplasma and Cryptococcus
neoformans. (Viollon, 1994 (S)
-
Cinnamon extract has shown an inhibitory
effect on Helicobacter pylori. (Tabek, 1999) (S)
- Cramp Bark (Black Haw)
There is reference to one study done on
animals on its ability to reduce uterine excitability. (Reynolds, 1996) (S)
- Cranberry
o
An unpublished trial presented at the June 2001 American
Urological Assn. found that both cranberry juice and cranberry tablets
significantly reduced the number of episodes of symptomatic urinary tract
infections. (Stothers, 2001) (B 490)
o
Two studies found that cranberry juice is useful in the prevention
(but not the treatment of) of urinary tact infections. (Jackson, 1997; Jepson,
2000) (S 324)
o
One study found that the proanthocyanidins in cranberry juice
altered subgingival microbes and therefore would be able to control periodontal
disease. (Weiss, 1998) (S 325 & B 491)
o
Turmeric extracts were found to lower LDL and total cholesterol in
one human study. (Soni, 1992) (B 502)
o
One study using 500 mg curcumin four times daily found clinically
significant benefits in 116 patients being treated for dyspepsia. (Thamlikitkul,
1989) (B 501)
o
A study published in 2000 demonstrated the anti-cancer and
antioxidant actions of 3 chemical components of turmeric on leukemia, CNS
disorders, renal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and melanoma. (Ramsewak,
2000) (S 909)
- Dandelion root
may have potential use as an anti-inflammatory
agent in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory
conditions. (Tito et al, 1993 & Mascolo et al, 1987) (B 507)
o
One study in mice showed restoration of suppressed immune function
with dandelion (Luo, 1993) (S 343)
o
The bitter principles in the leaves and roots of dandelion
increase bile production in the gallbladder and bile flow from the liver. (Behm,
1959)(L 416)
- Devil’s Claw
There are mixed results using devil’s claw in
the treatment of joint conditions. (S 356 & B 511)
o
One animal study using devil’s claw demonstrated that it exerts a
protective action in hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias (Costa De Pasquale,
1985) (S 347)
- A 2 month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
devil's claw following 89 individuals with various rheumatoid disorders
found a significant decrease in joint pain intensity and an improvement in
mobility. Another double-blind study of devil's claw in 50 individuals with
various types of arthritis showed that 10-day treatment provided significant
pain relief. (ESCOP 1996-1997)(B294)
- Dioscorea (Wild yam)
- Dong Quai (Angelica)
when combined with peony, alisma and
cnidium increased progesterone secretion by means of its action in the corpora
lutea (Usuki, 1991) (S 358)
o
Dong Quai has been shown to decrease intraocular pressure
(Yoshihiro, 1985) (S358)
- Dong Quai has been shown to decrease blood pressure
(Yoshihiro, 1985) (S 358)
- Dong Quai has been shown to decrease premature
ventricular contractions (Zhuang, 1991) (S 358)
- Dong Quai has been shown to increase tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) (Haranaka, 1985) (For more
information on TNF we invite you to read about it in our
Immune System
Enhancement
article.)
o
Individuals with recent onset of a respiratory infection showed
significant benefit from Echinacea. (Brinkeborn et al, 1999) (B527)
-
Echinacea if taken during pregnancy may promote
spontaneous abortions. Therefore Echinacea is contra-indicated for
pregnant women. (Chow et al 2006) (Barcz et al 2007)
-
Echinacea significantly reduced the length
of the upper respiratory tract infection. (Dorn et al, 1997) (B 527)
-
Echinacea was found effective at reducing
the duration and severity of recent-onset respiratory infection. (Lindemuth
et al, 2000) (B 527)
-
Echinacea resulted in a statistically
significant decrease in progression to a “real cold” in the treated group as
compared to the placebo group, as well as symptomatic benefit in individuals
that did develop colds. (Hoheisel et al, 1997) (B 527)
-
Elderberry Flower (Sambucus nigra)
Sambucol, a product containing elderberry flower as well as small
amounts of echinacea and bee propolis, was shown in a preliminary double-blind
study to reduce the recovery time from a particular strain of epidemic
influenza by almost one-half. (Zakay-Rones et al 1995) (B532)
- Eleutherococcus (Siberian
Ginseng)
o
A study found that Eleutherococcus (2 g daily) reduced the
frequency of infections by approximately 50% in a group of 93 men and women
suffering from recurrent herpes infections. (Williams 1995) (B535)
o
A review of Russian studies showed that Eleutherococcus resulted
in general improvement in physical performance and mental agility, adaptation to
temperature fluctuations, resistance to immune insults and strengthening of
cardiovascular parameters. (Farnsworth et al 1985) (B535)
- In a human trial, Eleutherococcus increased the
absolute number of immunocompetent cells, especially T-lymphocytes of the
helper/inducer type (Breum et al 1994) (B536)
- Eleutherococcus has been found to normalize biologic
functioning in a variety of body organs and systems, including the adrenal
gland, thyroid, kidneys, white and red blood cells, and blood pressure.
(Brekham, 1969) (S872)
- Eleutherococcus has exhibited protective and
therapeutic effects when laboratory animals are exposed to x-ray radiation.
(Ben-Hur, 1981) (S872)
- Eleutherococcus has decreased thyroid tumors, lung
adenomas and myeloid leukemia in animals. (Wagner, 1985) (S872)
- Preliminary evidence suggests that Eleutherococcus may
prove valuable in the long-term management of various disease of the immune
system, including HIV infection and chronic fatigue syndrome. (Bohn, 1987)
(L420)
- Ephedra (Ma huang)
(For news on the FDA’s Final Ruling on Ephedra and how it relates to
Chinese medicine go to
www.acupuncturetoday.com )
- Epimedium
o
In a systematic review done by Thompson-Coon and Ernst (2003) they
found fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) demonstrated reductions in total
serum cholesterol levels of between 10% and 33%.
- Use of 1 g of fenugreek per day
of a standardized extract significantly improved some measures of blood
sugar control and insulin response compared to placebo. Levels of
triglycerides decreased and HDL cholesterol levels increased. (Gupta et al,
2001) (B547)
- Many studies have confirmed the
anti-diabetic effects of fenugreek: (Abdel-Barry, 1997; Abdel-Barry, 2000;
Ghafghazi, 1977; Gupta, 1999; Khosla, 1995; Ribes, 1986 and Vats, 2002)
(S398)
o
Ernst & Pittler (2000) conducted an update of a systematic review
on the efficacy and safety of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) they concluded
that feverfew is likely to be effective in the prevention of migraine and that
there are no major safety problems.
o
In a study of 57 patients with severe migraine headaches, use of
feverfew significantly reduced pain intensity, vomiting, and noise sensitivity
(Palevitch, 1997) (S401)
o
A study on migraine sufferers demonstrated that feverfew acts as a
significant preventive when taken for 4 months. (Murphy, 1988) (S402)
○
Feverfew may decrease the release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in
joints that are arthritic and inflamed (Heptinstall, 1998) (S402)
○
Feverfew inhibits arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes that may increase
inflammation. (Williams, 1995) (S402)
o
The root of fo-ti has been shown to lower triglyceride
accumulations in animal livers. (Liu 1992) (S413)
o
One study has shown fo-ti extract to provide myocardial protective
action against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (Yim 2000) (S413)
- Ganoderma lucidum
(Reishi)
- Garlic
-
In a
4-year study of 280 individuals it was found that standardized garlic powder
at a dose of 900 mg/day significantly slowed the development of
atherosclerosis. (Koscielny et al 1999) (B577)
- One
study of 432 patients who had suffered myocardial infarction showed
significant reductions in reinfarction rate (35%) and mortality (45%)
through the use of garlic oil extract over a period of 3 years. (Bordia
1989) (B577)
- A
meta-analysis involving 13 trials found evidence of cholesterol reduction in
the range of 5% compared to placebo. (Stevinson et al 2000) (B577)
- In a
study published in 2001 participants receiving garlic were almost two-thirds
less likely to develop an upper respiratory infection than those who
received placebo. Furthermore, those who did develop an upper respiratory
infection recovered about one day faster in the garlic group as compared to
the placebo group. (Morcos & Camilo 2001) (B578)
-
According to two small, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of
hypertensives, garlic may reduce blood pressure mildly, in the average range
of 10 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and 5 mm Hg for diastolic blood
pressure, compared to placebo. (Auer et al 1990; Silagy & Neil 1994) (B578)
- In a
4-week, double-blind, controlled trial, 64 individuals with consistently
increased spontaneous platelet aggregation were treated with either placebo
or 900 mg of standardized garlic powder daily. A significant decrease in
spontaneous platelet aggregation was seen in the treated group.
(Kiesewetter et al 1991) (B578)
-
Several retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies have shown
that individuals whose diet includes relatively large amounts of garlic tend
to develop cancer less frequently. (Agarwal 1996; Dausch & Nixon 1990; Lau
et al 1990; You et al 1989) (B579)
- One
of the best epidemiological studies on garlic, the Iowa Women’s Study, found
that participants whose diet included significant quantities of garlic were
about 30% less likely to develop colon cancer. (Steinmetz et al 1994) (B579)
- A
study using aqueous extracts of garlic in vitro showed that garlic inhibits
both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. (Emma 1983; Sovova 2002)
(S427)
-
Studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial action of garlic against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Hughes 1991) (S427)
- One
study demonstrated the cholesterol-lowering action of garlic to be equal to
that of bezafibrate, a prescription drug available in Germany. (Holzgartner,
1992) (S427)
-
Several investigations have demonstrated the ability of garlic to reduce
platelet aggregation and cyclooxygenase resulting in improved circulation,
decreased atherosclerosis and improved intermittent claudication. (Bordia,
1996; Ali, 1995; Apitz-Castro, 1994) (S428)
- One
study showed a decrease in the development of gastric cancer when garlic was
added to the diet. (Buiatti, 1989) (S428)
-
Another study has shown that the addition of vegetables in the Allium
family (onions, leeks, garlic) to the diet prevents gastric cancer. (Dorant,
1996) (S428)
-
Garlic has been shown to inhibit free radicals, which may be responsible for
cancer proliferation, and to decrease lipid peroxidation. (Reitz, 1995)
(S428)
o
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 70 pregnant women with
morning sickness found that ginger significantly reduced nausea and the number
of vomiting episodes. (Vutyavanich et al, 2001) (B589)
o
Benefits of using ginger in treating the nausea and vomiting of
pregnancy were seen in a double-blind crossover trial of 27 women.
(Fischer-Rasmussen et al 1991) (B589)
o
In a study involving 56 patients (28 with rheumatoid arthritis, 18
with osteoarthritis and 10 with muscular discomfort) who used powdered ginger
against their afflictions. Amongst the arthritis patients more than 75%
experienced, to varying degrees, relief in pain and swelling. All the patients
with muscular discomfort experienced pain relief. It is suggested that at least
one of the mechanisms by which ginger shows its ameliorative effects could be
related to inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis, i.e., it
works as a dual inhibitor of eicosanoid biosynthesis. (Srivastava & Mustafa,
1992)
o
According to a study done on rats ginger is as effective as
aspirin in reducing yeast-induced fever. (Mascolo, 1989) (S 437)
o
A well-regarded double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Ginkgo
in dementia (primarily Alzheimer’s) found significant improvement in a
performance-based test of memory and language. (LeBars et al, 1997) (B594)
o
The results of six double-blind studies suggest that ginkgo might
be useful for ordinary age-related memory loss. (Allain et al, 1993; Rigney et
al, 1999; Winther et al, 1998; Brautigam et al, 1998; Mix & Crews, 2000 and Rai
et al, 1991) (B595)
o
A 3 month, double-blind study of 70 persons with a variety of
vertiginous syndromes found that ginkgo extract given at a dose of 160 mg twice
daily produced results superior to placebo. (Haguenauer et al, 1986) (B597)
o
Approximately 50 controlled studies between 1975 and 1997 have
demonstrated the positive effects of ginkgo in the treatment of cerebral
insufficiency. All studies incorporated various dosages and varying lengths of
treatment, and all results were positive. (Hadjiivanova, 2002; Schulz, 1997)
(S442)
- Ginseng (Oriental Ginseng
or Panax ginseng and American Ginseng or Panax quinquefolium)
-
In a systematic review by Yeh et al (2003)
on herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes
they concluded that the best evidence
for efficacy is available for ivy gourd (Coccinia indica) and
American ginseng.
-
A 1996 study using ginseng to treat fatigue
found significant improvement in fatigue with the use of ginseng as compared
to the placebo. (LeGal, 1996) (S448)
-
A study in 1990 using ginseng to treat
cancer found that those subjects taking ginseng had a lower cancer risk than
those in the control group. (Yun, 1990) (S448)
-
A study in 1983 found that long-term
administration of ginseng inhibits tumor growth. (Yun, 1983)(S448)
-
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
227 persons using 100 mg daily of Panax ginseng showed a
statistically significant decline in the frequency of colds and flus in the
treated group as compared to the placebo group from week 4 to 12. Antibody
titers and measure of NK cell activity were also higher in the treated
group. All participants received flu vaccine. (Scaglione et al, 1996)
(B603)
-
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of
60 elderly individuals found that 50 or 100 days of treatment with Panax
ginseng produced improvements in memory, attention, concentration and
ability to cope. (Siegl & Siegl, 1979) (B604)
-
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
performed in China reported evidence that Panax ginseng can improve
symptoms of male sexual dysfunction. (Choi et al, 1995) (B607)
- Goldenseal
- Gotu kola
- Grapefruit juice
- Green tea
- Guggul (Myrrh)
-
In a systematic review done by Thompson-Coon
and Ernst (2003) they found that Guggul (Commiphora mukul) demonstrated
reductions in total serum cholesterol levels of between 10% and 33%.
- In a study published in 2004 by
Wang et al it was found that guggul significantly inhibits LDL oxidation.
The authors concluded that the combination of antioxidant and lipid-lowering
properties of guggul and guggulsterone makes them especially beneficial
against atherogenesis.
- Gymnema
In a systematic review by Yeh et al (2003) on
herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes
they concluded that other supplements
with positive preliminary results include Gymnema sylvestre.
- Hawthorn
- Hops
- Horse Chestnut
- Ivy gourd (Coccinia
indica) In a systematic review by
Yeh et al (2003) on herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in
diabetes
they concluded that the best evidence for
efficacy is available for ivy gourd (Coccinia indica) and American
ginseng.
- Kava
- Lemon Balm
- Lentinan (Shiitake
mushroom)
Licorice
- Maitake mushroom
- Marshmallow
Milk thistle (silymarin) (silibinin)
- Minor Bupleurum Decoction
- Myrrh
- Neem
- Nettle
- Oriental Ginseng
see Ginseng
- Oxerutins
- Panax ginseng
see Ginseng
- Papain
- Passionflower
- Pau d’Arco
- Pectin
- Peppermint
- Perilla
- Pomegranate
- Propolis
- Pycnogenol
- Pygeum
- Red yeast rice
- Rhubarb (Chinese rhubarb)
contains anthraquinones which
possess purgative properties, and tannins and bitters which posses
antidiarrheal properties. Therefore small doses have a tightening, drying
effect and larger doses cause a laxative or purgative effect (Weiss, 1988;
Yim, 1999) (S)
- Rose hips
- Salvia
- Saw Palmetto
- Schisandra
- Scrophularia ningpoensis
(Figwort)
- Scutellaria baicalensis
- Slippery elm
- St. John’s wort
- Tea Tree Oil
- Trichosanthes kirilowii
(Chinese cucumber)
-
Trichosanthes has exhibited antitumor action
due to the action of a chemical in it called trichokirin (Thatte, 2000) (S)
-
Another study revealed compounds in
trichosanthes that showed inhibition of the Epstein-Barr virus, early
antigen (EBV-EA). (Akihisa, 2001) (S)
- Tylophora indica
- Valerian
White willow
- Yohimbe
- Zizyphus
There have been two animal studies on the
effects of zizyphus with the most recent study suggesting that it has
inhibitory effects on excitatory signal pathways in the hippocampus of the
brain. (Zhang et al 2003)
o
5 -HTP is useful for anxiety (Kahn et al, 1987), obesity (Cangiano
et al, 1992), tension headache prophylaxis (Longo et al, 1984) and migraine
headache prophylaxis. (Titus et al, 1986) (B, 359)
o
5-HTP is useful for depression. A 6 week, double-blind trial of
63 individuals given either 5-HTP (100 mg three times daily) or fluvoxamine (50
mg three times daily) showed equivalent improvements in depressive
symptomatology. (Byerley et al, 1987) (B359)
- A 1 month, double-blind, placebo controlled study of
50 fibromyalgia patients found significant improvement in all symptom
categories with 5-HTP treatment. (Caruso et al 1990)(B360)
- Acidophilus and other
Probiotics
- Alpha-Lipoic Acid
- A study published in 2001 found that alpha-lipoic acid
is effective in the prevention of early diabetic glomerular injury and
suggests that it may have advantages over high doses of either vitamin E or
C. (Melham et al 2001)
- A study published in 2000 demonstrated that in
patients with diabetic polyneuropathy alpha-lipoic acid improves
microcirculation. (Haak et al 2000)
- See meta-analysis in Alt Med Rev Vol 9 No. 2
- Antioxidants
o
A review done at UNC and published in 2000 found that overall it
appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and
carotenoids) especially those from food sources, have important roles in
preventing pathogenic processes related to cancer, cardiovascular disease,
macular degeneration, cataracts and asthma and may enhance immune function.
(McDermott 2000)
- Due to the continual bombardment of DNA and other
tissues by free radicals, the body must obtain ample antioxidant supplies
through the diet. These include vitamins, flavonoids and other
compounds found in fresh fruits and vegetables. Epidemiological
studies consistently report that populations who consume inadequate amounts
of these foods are at higher risk for heart disease, cancer and other
degenerative disease. (Boik 1996)
- Arginine
Several studies using arginine have shown improvement in cases of congestive
heart failure and angina. (Rector et al, 1996; Bednarz et al, 2000; Blum et
al, 1999 and Maxwell et al, 2002)(S, 374)
- Beta-Carotene
- Beta-Sitosterol
produced significant benefits in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. (Wilt
et al, 1999; Klippel et al, 1997; Kadow et al, 1986; Berges et al, 1995) (B,
389)
- Biotin
may help reduce blood glucose levels in
individuals with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. (Maebashi et al, 1993) and
(Coggeshall et al, 1985) (B, 395)
o
Two studies have shown that doses of 1.1 to 1.4 g GLA in borage
seed oil reduces joint inflammation significantly (Pullman-Mooar, 1990;
Leventhal, 1993) (S, 162)
-
A study using a combination of evening
primrose oil and borage oil showed positive results in rheumatologic
conditions. (Belch 2000) (S162)
- Bromelain
There are mixed studies showing benefit as
well as no benefit when using bromelain for post-surgical recovery. However
there are three positive studies showing the benefits of using bromelain in
individuals suffering from sinusitis. (B, 419)
- Calcium
-
Numerous well-designed studies indicate that
calcium supplementation at recommended dosages has been found to help
prevent and slow nonvertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women. (Cumming,
1990; Dawson-Hughes et al, 1990)(B, 431)
-
1200 mg daily of calcium carbonate reduced
PMS symptoms by half over a period of 3 menstrual cycles.(Thys-Jacobs, 1989)
(B, 433)
o
Several studies have shown the positive effects of carnitine in
post myocardial infarction recovery, intermittent claudication, angina and
congestive heart failure. (Davini, 1992; Illicento, 1995 and Singh, 1996) (S,
211)
-
Carnitine has also sown positive results in
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (Bonavita, 1986 and Calvani, 1992)
(S, 211)
-
A 1 year study using carnitine for
Alzheimer’s was negative. (Thal, 1996)(B, 443)
-
A 6 month double-bind study showed that
L-carnitine reduced standard symptoms of hyperthyroidism. (Benvenga, 2000)
(B, 444)
-
According to a review by Reginster et al
preliminary results obtained in patients with osteoarthritis of the hands
suggests that chondroitin sulfate could be used for inhibiting the
structural progression of osteoarthritis.
(Reginster et al 2003)
-
A review by Volpi found that Chondroitin
sulfate produces a slow but gradual decrease of the clinical symptoms of
osteoarthritis and these benefits last for a long period after the end of
treatment. Literature data shows that Chondroitin sulfate could have an
anti-inflammatory activity and a chondroprotective action by modifying the
structure of cartilage. (Volpi 2004)
- A meta-analysis published in 2000 in JAMA concluded
that trials of Glucosamine and chondroitin preparations for osteoarthritis
symptoms demonstrate moderate to large effects. (McAlindon et al 2000)
-
Clinical findings have revealed that
glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are effect and safer
alternatives than NSAIDs to alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Experimental evidence indicates that these compounds and their low molecular
weight derivatives have a particular tropism for cartilage where they serve
as substrates in the biosynthesis of component building blocks. (de los
Reyes et al 2000)
-
In published studies glucosamine used in a
dosage of 1.5 grams daily is, after a period of 2 to 4 weeks, just as
effective as low doses of NSAIDs in alleviating the pain of osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin sulphate has been less well investigated; but there are
indications that it affects the symptoms of osteoarthritis, even though this
effect only occurs after a longer period of time. (Bijlsma 2002)
-
Data suggest that the ability to retard
progression of cartilage degeneration is more efficacious if one uses a
mixture of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and manganese ascorbate together
rather than using one single agent alone. (Lippiello 2000)
-
Clinical trials of glucosamine and
chondroitin sulfate showed substantial benefit in the treatment of
osteoarthritis. (Deal & Moskowitz 1999)
-
Chondroitin apparently works by attracting
essential fluid into the joints, which thereby acts as a shock absorber. It
also attracts needed nutrients into cartilage. (Benedikt, 1997)(S)
- Chromium
has been shown to increase the number of insulin receptors in
peripheral tissues; to increase the binding of the insulin to receptors and to
decrease fasting glucose and serum lipids. It may also increase HDL
cholesterol. (Anderson, 1998)(S, 272)
- Citrus bioflavonoids
(Diosmin/Hesperidin)
o
Bioflavonoids, particularly diosmin and herperidin have
demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of hemorrhoids and varicose veins.
(Cospite, 1994)
o
Diosmin/Hesperidin supplementation has been shown to be beneficial
for significantly reducing the frequency and severity of hemorrhoidal
exacerbations (Godeberge, 1994) and with bleeding hemorrhoids (Misra et al,
2000)(B 520)
- Diosmin/Hesperidin significantly improved symptoms of
severe chronic venous insufficiency (Laurent et al, 1988)(B 520)
- Diosmin/Hesperidin significantly improved the rate of
healing with non-healing venous stasis ulcers (Guilhou et al, 1997) (B 520)
- Diosmin/Hesperidin showed decreased tendency toward
capillary rupture in individuals with fragile capillaries (Galley et al,
1993)(B 520)
- Coenzyme Q10
in a dosage of 30 mg/day significantly reduced overall symptoms in a
study on patients with heart failure. (Hashiba et al 1972) (B 475)
- Another study on patients with CHF also found that
CoQ10 significantly reduced overall symptoms. (Hofman-Bang et al, 1999)(B
475)
o
A study of 59 hypertensive men found that 120 mg of CoQ10 daily
reduced the average systolic blood pressure by 10% and the diastolic blood
pressure by about 9%. (Singh et al, 1999) (B 476)
o
A study done on 83 persons with isolated systolic hypertension
found improvements using 60mg per day of CoQ10. (Burke et al, 2001) (B 476)
- Significant improvements in systolic and diastolic
blood pressure were found using CoQ10 in a small 10 week study on 18
persons. (Digiesi et al, 1990)(B476)
- A study published in 2002 concluded that CoQ10 appears
to slow the progressive deterioration of function in Parkinson disease, but
these results need to be confirmed in a larger study. (Shults et al 2002)
- CoQ10 has shown promise as a migraine preventive
agent. (Rozen, 2000) (S 289)
- Colostrum
- Copper
- Creatine
- DHEA
was found to improve general feelings of well
being, mood and energy level in patients suffering from adrenal insufficiency.
(Hunt et al, 2000) (B 516)
o
Highly preliminary evidence suggests that DHEA might be helpful
for chronic fatigue syndrome. (Himmel et al, 1999) (B 517)
o
DHEA was found to reduce many symptoms in patients suffering from
systemic lupus erythematosus. However it was found to adversely affect the
ratio of total cholesterol to HDL and to raise levels of testosterone. (Mease et
al, 2000) (van Vollenhoven et al, 1999)(B 515)
o
DHEA may have an anti-osteoporotic effect especially in women over
70, but probably not in men. (Labrie et al, 1997) (B 515)
- Evening Primrose Oil
A study of 111 patients with mild diabetic
neuropathy given 6 g of Evening Primrose Oil for one year found demonstrated
improvement in diabetic neuropathy symptoms without change in serum glucose
levels. (Keen et al 1993) (B572)
o
A study using a combination of evening primrose oil and borage oil
showed positive results in rheumatologic conditions. (Belch 2000) (S162)
o
Thirteen double-blind, placebo-controlled studies involving a
total of more than 500 individuals found that omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil
can reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. (James & Cleland 1997; Volker
et al 2000)
o
A meta-analysis of all published trials suggests that high intake
of fish or fish oil can reduce overall mortality, heart disease mortality and
sudden cardiac death. (Bucher et al 2002) (B554)
- According to many but not all studies, fish oil
reduces serum triglycerides and may also modestly raise HDL levels. (Yam et
al 2001; Harris et al 1996 & 1997; Cobiac et al 1991 and Nenseter et al
2000) (B554)
- A study of 42 young women in 1996 found that
supplementation with 6 g of fish oil daily (providing 1080 mg of EPA and 720
mg of DHA) resulted in significantly reduced menstrual pain (Harel et al
1996) (B555)
- A study of 20 individuals with recurrent depression
found that use of fish oil improved depression-index scores significantly
compared to placebo. (Nemets 2002) (B556)
- Preliminary controlled studies suggest that fish oil
may be of benefit in Raynaud’s phenomenon. (DiGiacomo et al 1989; Ringer et
al 1989) (B556)
o
Preliminary controlled studies suggest that fish oil may be of
benefit in systemic lupus erythematosus. (Walton et al 1991)(B556)
- Flaxseed
- In a study of 55 individuals with chronic constipation
related to irritable bowel syndrome the group receiving ground flaxseed
experienced fewer problems with constipation, abdominal pain and bloating
than the group taking psyllium. (Tarpila 1997) (B560)
o
Small human trials suggest that flaxseed can improve lipid
profiles. (Jenkins et al 1999; Tarpila et al 1997; Lucas et al 2002) (B561)
o
Observational studies suggest that lignan-containing foods (such
as flaxseed) are associated with a lower incidence of breast and perhaps colon
cancer. (Adlercreutz & Mazur 1997) (B561)
o
One study showed a significantly reduced incidence of breast
cancer when women consumed high levels of phytoestrogens such as the lignans
found in flax products. (Ingram 1997) (S410)
o
In one study 38 postmenopausal women with elevated cholesterol
were given whole flaxseed and sunflower seed. In the experimental group,
cholesterol dropped by nearly 15%. (Arjmandi 1999) (S410)
- Folate (Folic Acid)
- Very strong evidence indicates that regular use of
folate by pregnant women can reduce the risk of neural tube defects by 50%.
(Werler et al 1993) (B567)
o
Observational studies suggest that a high intake of folate may
decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease by 50%, possibly by reducing
homocysteine levels. (Rimm et al 1998) (B567)
- Gamma-Linolenic Acid
(GLA) In a double-blind study of 56 patients with rheumatoid
arthritis, 16 of 21 patients treated with 2.8 g/day of GLA for 1 year
significantly improved compared to those in the placebo group. (Zurier et al
1996) (B572)
- GLA may be beneficial for
Raynaud’s phenomenon. (Belch et al, 1985) (B574)
- Genistein
(See Soy Isoflavones)
- Glucosamine
-
A meta-analysis published in 2000 in JAMA
concluded that trials of glucosamine and chondroitin preparations for
osteoarthritis symptoms demonstrate moderate to large effects. (McAlindon et
al 2000)
-
Clinical findings have revealed that
glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are effect and safer
alternatives than NSAIDs to alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Experimental evidence indicates that these compounds and their low molecular
weight derivatives have a particular tropism for cartilage where they serve
as substrates in the biosynthesis of component building blocks. (de los
Reyes et al 2000)
-
In published studies glucosamine used in a
dosage of 1.5 grams daily is, after a period of 2 to 4 weeks, just as
effective as low doses of NSAIDs in alleviating the pain of osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin sulphate has been less well investigated; but there are
indications that it affects the symptoms of osteoarthritis, even though this
effect only occurs after a longer period of time. (Bijlsma 2002)
-
Data suggest that the ability to retard
progression of cartilage degeneration is more efficacious if one uses a
mixture of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and manganese ascorbate together
rather than using one single agent alone. (Lippiello 2000)
- In a review published in 2003 it was concluded that in
short-term clinical trials, glucosamine provided effective symptomatic
relief for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. In addition,
glucosamine has shown promising results in modifying the progression of
arthritis over a 3-year period. Glucosamine may therefore prove to be a
useful treatment option for osteoarthritis. (Matheson & Perry 2003)
- Clinical trials of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
showed substantial benefit in the treatment of osteoarthritis. (Deal &
Moskowitz 1999)
- In a study using 500 mg three times daily of
glucosamine sulfate or placebo it was found that osteoarthritic severity
significantly improved in the treated group as compared to the placebo.
(Noack et al, 1994) (B611)
- In a study comparing 1200 mg/day of ibuprofen to
glucosamine sulfate in treating osteoarthritis of the knee it was found that
although ibuprofen produced faster results, both groups experienced
comparable relief at the end of 4 weeks. In addition, although 35% of the
ibuprofen-treated group complained of side effects only 6% of the
glucosamine group did so. (Muller-Fassbender et al, 1994) (B611)
Essentially equivalent results were seen in a similar 4 week, double-blind
trial of 178 patients with knee osteoarthritis. (Qiu et al, 1998) (B611)
- One double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 212
individuals over 3 years found radiologic evidence of reduced cartilage loss
in the treated group, suggesting glucosamine is a disease-modifying drug in
osteoarthritis. (Reginster et al 2001) (B612)
- Supplemental glucosamine may stimulate the synthesis
of proteoglycans and collagen by cartilage cells and reduce phospholipase A2
activity, as well as inhibit enzymatic degradation of collagen. (Crolle &
D’Este, 1980; Setnikar, 1992) (B612)
- Glucosamine is believed to exert a weak
anti-inflammatory effect unrelated to prostaglandins, but does not produce
direct analgesia. (Crolle & D’Este, 1980; Rovati et al, 1994) (B612)
- Grape Seed Extract (OPCs)
A study published in 2000 found that grape
seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is highly bioavailable and provides
significantly greater protection against free radicals and free
radical-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage than vitamins C, E and
beta-carotene. GSPE was also shown to demonstrate cytotoxicity towards human
breast, lung and gastric adenocarcinoma cells, while enhancing the growth and
viability of normal human gastric mucosal cells. (Bagchi et al 2000)
- Huperzine A
- Inositol (Vitamin B8)
Ipriflavone
Iron
- N-Acetyl Cysteine
(NAC)
- Omega 3 Fatty Acids
○
Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that
omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be
useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Many of the
placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory disease reveal
significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of
anti-inflammatory drugs. (Simopoulus 2002)
- Evidence from some but not all observational trials
suggests that higher dietary intake of omega-3 essential fatty acids may
reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease: (Guallar et al 1995; Iso et al
2001; Kromhout et al 1985; Shekelle et al 1985; Dolecek & Grandits 1991;
Kromhout et al 1995; Vollset et al 1985 and Curb & Reed 1985) (B554)
- Papain
- PC SPES
- Pectin
- Phenylalanine (D or DL)
- Phosphatidylcholine
- Phosphatidylserine
- Policosanol
- Potassium
- Progesterone cream
- Pycnogenol
- Pygeum
- Quercetin
- Red yeast rice
- In a study published in 1999 examining the
cholesterol-lowering effects of red yeast rice it was found that total
cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly compared with the
placebo-treated group. LDL cholesterol and total triacylcglycerol were also
reduced, but HDL cholesterol did not change significantly. (Heber et al
1999)
- In a systematic review done by Thompson-Coon and Ernst
(2003) they found that red yeast rice demonstrated reductions in total serum
cholesterol levels of between 10% and 33%.
- SAMe
- Selenium
- Soy isoflavones
o
A review of 38 controlled studies on soy and heart disease
concluded that soy is definitely effective at reducing total cholesterol, LDL
levels, and triglycerides. (Anderson et al, 1995) (B681) One double-blind study
involving 66 older women taking soy protein found improvements in HDL levels as
well. (Baum et al 1998) (B681)
o
A double-blind, placebo controlled study involving 104 women with
menopausal symptoms found that soy protein provided significant relief as
compared to placebo. (Albertazzi et al, 1998) (B681) Similarly, after 3 weeks,
participants taking daily doses of 60 g of soy protein were having 26% fewer hot
flashes, and by week 12, the reduction was 45%. (Albertazzi et al, 1998) (B681)
o
In one study, that evaluated the benefits of soy isoflavones in
osteoporosis, a total of 66 postmenopausal women took either placebo (soy
protein with isoflavones removed) or soy protein containing 56 or 90 mg of soy
isoflavones daily for 6 months. The group that took the higher dosage of
isoflavones showed significant gains in spinal bone density. (Knight et al,
1999) (B682)
o
Unlike estrogen, which inhibits bone resorption, the soy
isoflavone genistein may enhance new bone formation. (Fanti et al 1998) (B683)
o
Soy isoflavones may exert preventive effects in some forms of
cancer, primarily hormone-dependent cancers. (Messina et al 1994; Goodman et al
1997; Ingram et al, 1997) (B683)
o
A recent study shows that bone loss in the spine decreases with
the addition of soy-rich products to the diets of perimenopausal women. (Alekel,
2000) (S884)
o
A recent study postulates that the isoflavones and other chemical
constituents of soy may lower the cancer risk of postmenopausal women by
altering estrogen metabolism such that genotoxic metabolites are converted to
inactive metabolites. (Xu, 2000) (S884)
○
Genistein has been shown to decrease prostatic cancer and to increase the
immune response in laboratory animals. (Zhang, 1997) (S884)
○
A group of 58 menopausal women, who experienced an average of 14 hot
flashes per week, supplemented their diets with either wheat flour or soy flour
every day for 3 months; the women taking the soy reduced their hot flashes by
40%. (Murkies et al, 1995) (L332)
- Tyrosine
- Vinpocetine
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Zinc
- Acne
- Adaptogen
A review of Russian studies showed that
Eleutherococcus resulted in general
improvement in physical performance and mental agility, adaptation to
temperature fluctuations, resistance to immune insults and strengthening of
cardiovascular parameters. (Farnsworth et al 1985) (B535)
-
Eleutherococcus
has been found to normalize biologic functioning in a variety of body organs
and systems, including the adrenal gland, thyroid, kidneys, white and red
blood cells, and blood pressure. (Brekham, 1969) (S872)
- Adrenal Insufficiency
DHEA
was found to improve general feelings of
well-being, mood and energy level in patients suffering from adrenal
insufficiency. (Hunt et al, 2000) (B 516)
- AIDS Support
- Allergic Rhinitis
A 2 week double-blind study on patients
suffering from allergic rhinitis comparing butterbur extract to
cetirizine found that both treatments were equally effective. (Schapowal,
2002)(B)
- Alzheimer’s Disease
Carnitine
has also sown positive results in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
(Bonavita, 1986 and Calvani, 1992) (S) However one 1 year study using
carnitine for Alzheimer’s was negative. (Thal, 1996)(B)
o
A well-regarded double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
Ginkgo in dementia (primarily Alzheimer’s) found significant improvement in
a performance-based test of memory and language. (LeBars et al, 1997) (B594)
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 60 elderly
individuals found that 50 or 100 days of treatment with Panax ginseng
produced improvements in memory, attention, concentration and ability to
cope. (Siegl & Siegl, 1979) (B604)
- Anxiety
5-HTP
is useful for anxiety (Kahn et al, 1987) (B)
- Asthma
-
Tylophora - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 195
individuals with asthma, participants given 40 mg of tylophora alcohol
extract daily for 6 days showed significant improvement in symptoms as
compared with placebo. (Shivpuri et al 1972)(B38)
- Boswellia - In a
6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 80 persons with relatively
mild asthma it was found that treatment with 300 mg of boswellia three times
daily reduced the frequency of asthma attacks and improved objective
measurements of breathing capacity. (Gupta et al 1998)(B38)
-
Quercetin
- In vitro studies suggest that quercetin
may inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory substances from mast cells.
(Ogasawara & Middleton 1985; Pearce et al 1984)(B38)
-
In clinical trials of Boswellia,
promising results were observed in patients with bronchial asthma. (Ammon
2002)
-
A study published in 1998 found 70% of
patients suffering from bronchial asthma improved when treated with
Boswellia serrata gum resin. (Gupta et al 1998)
-
A review done at UNC and published in 2000
found that overall it appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C,
vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids) especially those from food sources,
have important roles in preventing pathogenic processes related to asthma.
(McDermott 2000)
- ADHD
- Atherosclerosis
In a 4-year study of 280 individuals it was found
that standardized garlic powder at a dose of 900 mg/day significantly
slowed the development of atherosclerosis. (Koscielny et al 1999)
-
In a study published in 2004 by Wang et al
it was found that guggul significantly inhibits LDL oxidation. The
authors concluded that the combination of antioxidant and lipid-lowering
properties of guggul and guggulsterone makes them especially beneficial
against atherogenesis.
-
Several investigations have demonstrated the ability of garlic to
reduce platelet aggregation and cyclooxygenase resulting in improved
circulation, decreased atherosclerosis and improved intermittent
claudication. (Bordia, 1996; Ali, 1995; Apitz-Castro, 1994) (S428)
- Autoimmune Disease
Animal experiments and clinical intervention
studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory
properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory
and autoimmune disease. Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in
chronic inflammatory disease reveal significant benefit, including decreased
disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs. (Simopoulus
2002)
- BPH (Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia) Beta-Sitosterol
produced significant benefits in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. (Wilt
et al, 1999; Klippel et al, 1997; Kadow et al, 1986; Berges et al, 1995) (B)
- Bronchitis
- Cancer
-
Medicinal plants that have exhibited
antitumor action due to modulation of programmed cell death and arrested
proliferation are trichosanthes, soy, garlic, ginger and green tea
(Thatte, 2000) (S)
-
Eleutherococcus has decreased
thyroid tumors, lung adenomas and myeloid leukemia in animals. (Wagner,
1985) (S872)
-
Observational studies suggest that lignan-containing
foods (such as flaxseed) are associated with a lower incidence of breast and
perhaps colon cancer. (Adlercreutz & Mazur 1997) (B561)
-
One study showed a significantly reduced
incidence of breast cancer when women consumed high levels of phytoestrogens
such as the lignans found in flax products. (Ingram 1997) (S410)
○
A study published in 2000 found that grape seed
proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is highly bioavailable and provides
significantly greater protection against free radicals and free radical-induced
lipid peroxidation and DNA damage than vitamins C, E and beta-carotene. GSPE
was also shown to demonstrate cytotoxicity towards human breast, lung and
gastric adenocarcinoma cells, while enhancing the growth and viability of normal
human gastric mucosal cells. (Bagchi et al 2000)
○
A review done at UNC and published in 2000 found that overall it
appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and
carotenoids) especially those from food sources, have important roles in
preventing pathogenic processes related to cancer. (McDermott 2000)
-
A study published in 2000 demonstrated the
anti-cancer and antioxidant actions of 3 chemical components of turmeric
on leukemia, renal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and melanoma.
(Ramsewak, 2000) (S 909)
-
Dong Quai
has been shown to increase tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Haranaka, 1985)
(For more
information on TNF we invite you to read about it in our
Immune System Enhancement
article.)
-
Several retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies have shown
that individuals whose diet includes relatively large amounts of garlic
tend to develop cancer less frequently. (Agarwal 1996; Dausch & Nixon 1990;
Lau et al 1990; You et al 1989) (B579)
- One
of the best epidemiological studies on garlic, the Iowa Women’s Study, found
that participants whose diet included significant quantities of garlic
were about 30% less likely to develop colon cancer. (Steinmetz et al 1994)
(B579)
- One
study showed a decrease in the development of gastric cancer when garlic
was added to the diet. (Buiatti, 1989) (S428)
-
Another study has shown that the addition of vegetables in the Allium
family (onions, leeks, garlic) to the diet prevents gastric cancer.
(Dorant, 1996) (S428)
-
Garlic has been shown to inhibit free
radicals, which may be responsible for cancer proliferation, and to decrease
lipid peroxidation. (Reitz, 1995) (S428)
-
A study in 1990 using ginseng to treat
cancer found that those subjects taking ginseng had a lower cancer
risk than those in the control group. (Yun, 1990) (S448)
-
A study in 1983 found that long-term
administration of ginseng inhibits tumor growth. (Yun, 1983)(S448)
-
Soy isoflavones
may exert preventive effects in some forms of cancer, primarily
hormone-dependent cancers. (Messina et al 1994; Goodman et al 1997; Ingram
et al, 1997) (B683)
-
A recent study postulates that the
isoflavones and other chemical constituents of soy may lower the cancer
risk of postmenopausal women by altering estrogen metabolism such that
genotoxic metabolites are converted to inactive metabolites. (Xu, 2000)
(S884)
-
Genistein
has been shown to decrease prostatic cancer and to increase the immune
response in laboratory animals. (Zhang, 1997) (S884)
- Cardiovascular Disease
A review done at UNC and published in 2000
found that overall it appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C,
vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids) especially those from food sources,
have important roles in preventing pathogenic processes related to
cardiovascular disease. (McDermott 2000)
-
One animal study using devil’s claw
demonstrated that it exerts a protective action in hyperkinetic ventricular
arrhythmias (Costa De Pasquale, 1985) (S 347)
- Observational studies suggest that a high intake of
folate may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease by 50%, possibly
by reducing homocysteine levels. (Rimm et al 1998) (B567)
-
One study has shown fo-ti extract to
provide myocardial protective action against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
(Yim 2000) (S413)
- One
study of 432 patients who had suffered myocardial infarction showed
significant reductions in reinfarction rate (35%) and mortality (45%)
through the use of garlic oil extract over a period of 3 years.
(Bordia 1989)
-
Several investigations have demonstrated the ability of garlic to
reduce platelet aggregation and cyclooxygenase resulting in improved
circulation, decreased atherosclerosis and improved intermittent
claudication. (Bordia, 1996; Ali, 1995; Apitz-Castro, 1994) (S428)
- In a
4-week, double-blind, controlled trial, 64 individuals with consistently
increased spontaneous platelet aggregation were treated with either placebo
or 900 mg of standardized garlic powder daily. A significant
decrease in spontaneous platelet aggregation was seen in the treated group.
(Kiesewetter et al 1991) (B578)
-
Evidence from some but not all observational
trials suggests that higher dietary intake of omega-3 essential fatty
acids may reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease: (Guallar et al
1995; Iso et al 2001; Kromhout et al 1985; Shekelle et al 1985; Dolecek &
Grandits 1991; Kromhout et al 1995; Vollset et al 1985; Curb & Reed 1985)
(B554)
- Cataracts
-
Bilberry
may be useful for the prevention and
treatment of cataracts. (Bravetti, 1989) (S106)
-
A review done at UNC and published in 2000
found that overall it appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C,
vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids) especially those from food sources,
have important roles in preventing pathogenic processes related to
cataracts. (McDermott 2000)
- Central Nervous System
Disorders A study published in 2000
demonstrated the anti-cancer and antioxidant actions of 3 chemical components
of turmeric on CNS disorders. (Ramsewak, 2000) (S 909)
- Cerebral Insufficiency
Approximately 50 controlled studies between
1975 and 1997 have demonstrated the positive effects of ginkgo in the
treatment of cerebral insufficiency. All studies incorporated various dosages
and varying lengths of treatment, and all results were positive.
(Hadjiivanova, 2002; Schulz, 1997) (S442)
- Cervical Dysplasia
- Cholithiasis
- Chronic Fatigue
Highly preliminary evidence suggests that
DHEA might be helpful for chronic fatigue syndrome. (Himmel et al, 1999)
(B 517)
-
Preliminary evidence suggests that
Eleutherococcus
may prove valuable in the long-term management of various disease of the
immune system, including chronic fatigue syndrome. (Bohn, 1987) (L420)
-
A 1996 study using ginseng to treat
fatigue found significant improvement in fatigue with the use of ginseng as
compared to the placebo. (LeGal, 1996) (S448)
- Colitis
-
In clinical trials of Boswellia,
promising results were observed in patients with chronic colitis. (Ammon
2002)
-
A study published in 2001 found that gum
resin preparation from Boswellia serrata could be effective in the
treatment of chronic colitis with minimal side effects. (Gupta et al 2001)
o
Andrographis can be used to treat symptoms of the common
cold. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study158 persons with colds received
1200 mg daily of an andrographis extract (standardized to contain 5%
andrographolide) or placebo for 4 days. By day 2 of treatment, and even more,
by day 4, persons given andrographis extract experienced significant
improvements in symptoms compared to the placebo group. The greatest response
was seen in earache, sleeplessness, nasal drainage and sore throat. (Caceres et
al, 1999) (B 369)
o
Andrographis can be
used for prevention of the common cold. A 3-month, double-blind,
placebo-controlled study of 107 persons found that prophylactic treatment with
andrographis at the low dose of 200 mg/day significantly reduced the risk of
infection. (Caceres et al, 1997) (B369)
o
Sambucol, a product containing elderberry flower as well as
small amounts of echinacea and bee propolis, was shown in a preliminary
double-blind study to reduce the recovery time from a particular strain of
epidemic influenza by almost one-half. (Zakay-Rones et al 1995) (B532)
o
Individuals with recent onset of a respiratory infection showed
significant benefit from Echinacea. (Brinkeborn et al, 1999) (B527)
-
Echinacea
significantly reduced the length of the upper respiratory tract infection.
(Dorn et al, 1997) (B 527)
-
Echinacea
was found effective at reducing the duration and severity of recent-onset
respiratory infection. (Lindemuth et al, 2000) (B 527)
-
Echinacea
resulted in a statistically significant decrease in progression to a “real
cold” in the treated group as compared to the placebo group, as well as
symptomatic benefit in individuals that did develop colds. (Hoheisel et al,
1997) (B 527)
-
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
227 persons using 100 mg daily of Panax ginseng showed
a statistically significant decline in the frequency of colds and flus in
the treated group as compared to the placebo group from week 4 to 12.
Antibody titers and measure of NK cell activity were also higher in the
treated group. All participants received flu vaccine. (Scaglione et al,
1996) (B603)
o
Several studies have shown the positive effects of carnitine
in post myocardial infarction recovery, angina and congestive heart failure.
(Davini, 1992; Illicento, 1995 and Singh, 1996) (S)
o
Several studies using arginine have shown improvement in
cases of congestive heart failure and angina. (Rector et al, 1996; Bednarz et
al, 2000; Blum et al, 1999 and Maxwell et al, 2002) (S)
o
Coenzyme Q10 in a
dosage of 30 mg/day significantly reduced overall symptoms in a study on
patients with heart failure. (Hashiba et al 1972) (B 475)
o
Another study on patients with CHF also found that CoQ10
significantly reduced overall symptoms. (Hofman-Bang et al, 1999)(B 475)
- COPD
- Cirrhosis of the Liver
- Colic
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Constipation
In a study of 55 individuals with chronic
constipation related to irritable bowel syndrome the group receiving ground
flaxseed experienced fewer problems with constipation, abdominal pain and
bloating than the group taking psyllium. (Tarpila 1997) (B560)
- Cough
- Crohn’s Disease
In clinical trials of Boswellia,
promising results were observed in patients with Crohn’s disease. (Ammon 2002)
- Depression (Mild to
Moderate)
o
5-HTP is useful for depression. A 6 week, double-blind trial of
63 individuals given either 5-HTP (100 mg three times daily) or fluvoxamine (50
mg three times daily) showed equivalent improvements in depressive
symptomatology. (Byerley et al, 1987) (B)
o
A study of 20 individuals with recurrent depression found that use
of fish oil improved depression-index scores significantly compared to placebo.
(Nemets 2002) (B556)
o
Aloe
is useful when taken orally for diabetes. In a single-blind, placebo-controlled
study those taking glibenclamide and aloe showed improvements in blood glucose
levels over a six week period that compared to those taking glibenclamide and
placebo. (Bunyapraphatsara et al 1996) (B 363)
- A study published in 2001 found that alpha-lipoic
acid is effective in the prevention of early diabetic glomerular injury
and suggests that it may have advantages over high doses of either vitamin E
or C. (Melham et al 2001)
- Biotin may
help reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with either type 1 or type 2
diabetes. (Maebashi et al, 1993) and (Coggeshall et al, 1985) (B)
-
Bitter Melon
may improve glucose control in type 2 diabetes. (Srivastava et al 1993)(B
399)
-
Chromium
has been shown to increase the number of insulin receptors in peripheral
tissues; to increase the binding of the insulin to receptors and to decrease
fasting glucose and serum lipids. It may also increase HDL cholesterol.
(Anderson, 1998)(S)
- Many
studies have confirmed the anti-diabetic effects of fenugreek:
(Abdel-Barry, 1997; Abdel-Barry, 2000; Ghafghazi, 1977; Gupta, 1999; Khosla,
1995; Ribes, 1986 and Vats, 2002) (S398)
- Use
of 1 g of fenugreek per day of a standardized extract significantly
improved some measures of blood sugar control and insulin response compared
to placebo. Levels of triglycerides decreased and HDL cholesterol levels
increased. (Gupta et al, 2001) (B547)
-
In a systematic review by Yeh et al (2003)
on herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes
they concluded that the best evidence
for efficacy is available for ivy gourd (Coccinia indica) and
American ginseng. Other supplements with positive preliminary
results include Gymnema sylvestre, Aloe vera, vanadium,
bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and prickly pear cactus (nopal).
- Dysmenorrhea
A study of 42 young women in 1996 found that
supplementation with 6 g of fish oil daily (providing 1080 mg of EPA
and 720 mg of DHA) resulted in significantly reduced menstrual pain (Harel et
al 1996) (B555)
- Dyspepsia
One study using 500 mg curcumin four
times daily found clinically significant benefits in 116 patients being
treated for dyspepsia. (Thamlikitkul, 1989) (B 501)
- Fibromyalgia
There is evidence that capsaicin cream
may be helpful for relieving pain due to fibromyalgia. (B)
-
5-HTP
is useful for fibromyalgia. A 1 month,
double-blind, placebo controlled study of 50 fibromyalgia patients found
significant improvement in all symptom categories with 5-HTP treatment.
(Caruso et al 1990)(B360)
- Gastrointestinal Disease
Capsaicin
was found to protect against H. pylori-associated gastrointestinal disease.
(Jones, 1997) (S); although a study done by Graham in 1999 disputes this
result. (B)
- Genital Herpes
o
Aloe
is useful when applied topically for genital herpes. In one double-blind,
placebo-controlled study use of aloe cream resulted in a reduced mean time to
healing and increased total number of healed patients. (Syed et al 1997) (B 363)
o
A study found that Eleutherococcus (2 g daily) reduced the
frequency of infections by approximately 50% in a group of 93 men and women
suffering from recurrent herpes infections. (Williams 1995) (B535)
- Glaucoma
Bilberry
may be useful for the prevention and treatment
of glaucoma. (Bravetti, 1989) (S106)
- Gout
- Headaches
5-HTP
is useful for tension headache prophylaxis
(Songo et al, 1984) B)
- Hemorrhoids )
Bioflavonoids, particularly diosmin and
herperidin have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of hemorrhoids and
varicose veins. (Cospite, 1994)
o
Diosmin/Hesperidin supplementation has been shown to be beneficial
for significantly reducing the frequency and severity of hemorrhoidal
exacerbations (Godeberge, 1994) and with bleeding hemorrhoids (Misra et al,
2000)(B 520)
- Hepatitis (Viral)
- Herpes Simplex
- Herpes Zoster
The FDA has approved a capsaicin cream for the treatment of post
herpetic neuralgia.(B)
- HIV Support
Preliminary evidence suggests that
Eleutherococcus may prove valuable in the long-term management of
various disease of the immune system, including HIV infection. (Bohn, 1987)
(L420)
- Hyperlipidemia
-
In a study published in 1999 examining the
cholesterol-lowering effects of red yeast rice it was found that
total cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly compared with the
placebo-treated group. LDL cholesterol and total triacylcglycerol were also
reduced, but HDL cholesterol did not change significantly. (Heber et al
1999)
-
According to many but not all studies,
fish oil reduces serum triglycerides and may also modestly raise HDL
levels. (Yam et al 2001; Harris et al 1996 & 1997; Cobiac et al 1991 and
Nenseter et al 2000) (B554)
-
Small human trials suggest that flaxseed
can improve lipid profiles. (Jenkins et al 1999; Tarpila et al 1997; Lucas
et al 2002) (B561)
-
In one study 38 postmenopausal women with
elevated cholesterol were given whole flaxseed and sunflower seed.
In the experimental group, cholesterol dropped by nearly 15%. (Arjmandi
1999) (S410)
- One
study demonstrated the cholesterol-lowering action of garlic to be
equal to that of bezafibrate, a prescription drug available in Germany.
(Holzgartner, 1992) (S427)
-
Garlic has been shown to inhibit free
radicals, which may be responsible for cancer proliferation, and to decrease
lipid peroxidation. (Reitz, 1995) (S428)
-
In a systematic review done by Thompson-Coon
and Ernst (2003) they found that guggul (Commiphora mukul),
fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), red yeast rice and
artichoke (Cynara scolymus) have demonstrated reductions in total serum
cholesterol levels of between 10% and 33%.
-
Turmeric extracts
were found to lower LDL and total cholesterol in one human study. (Soni,
1992) (B 502)
-
The root of fo-ti has been shown to
lower triglyceride accumulations in animal livers. (Liu 1992) (S413)
o
A review of 38 controlled studies on soy and heart disease
concluded that soy is definitely effective at reducing total cholesterol, LDL
levels, and triglycerides. (Anderson et al, 1995) (B681) One double-blind study
involving 66 older women taking soy protein found improvements in HDL levels as
well. (Baum et al 1998) (B681)
- Hypertension
One study has shown that the high levels of
GLA in borage oil are responsible for its ability to decrease
hypertension. (Engler, 1998) (S)
o
A study of 59 hypertensive men found that 120 mg of CoQ10 daily
reduced the average systolic blood pressure by 10% and the diastolic blood
pressure by about 9%. (Singh et al, 1999) (B 476)
o
A study done on 83 persons with isolated systolic hypertension
found improvements using 60mg per day of CoQ10. (Burke et al, 2001) (B 476)
-
Significant improvements in systolic and
diastolic blood pressure were found using CoQ10 in a small 10 week
study on 18 persons. (Digiesi et al, 1990)(B476)
-
Dong Quai
has been shown to decrease blood pressure (Yoshihiro, 1985) (S 358)
-
According to two small, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of
hypertensives, garlic may reduce blood pressure mildly, in the
average range of 10 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and 5 mm Hg for
diastolic blood pressure, compared to placebo. (Auer et al 1990; Silagy &
Neil 1994) (B578)
- Hyperthyroidism
A 6 month double-bind study showed that
L-carnitine reduced standard symptoms of hyperthyroidism. (Benvenga, 2000)
(B)
- Immune Enhancement
A review done at UNC and published in 2000
found that overall it appears that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C,
vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids) especially those from food sources
may enhance immune function. (McDermott 2000)
-
One study in mice showed restoration of
suppressed immune function with dandelion. (Suo, 1993) (S 343)
-
In a human trial, Eleutherococcus
increased the absolute number of immunocompetent cells, especially
T-lymphocytes of the helper/inducer type (Breum et al 1994) (B536)
- Infertility (Female)
- Infertility (Male)
- Inflammation
-
Animal experiments and clinical intervention
studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory
properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory
and autoimmune disease. Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil
in chronic inflammatory disease reveal significant benefit, including
decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
(Simopoulus 2002)
-
Boswellia
decreases leukotriene synthesis that is responsible for maintaining
inflammation and edema. (Bruneton, 1995; Gupta et al, 1997) (S)
-
Dandelion root
may have potential use as an
anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory conditions. (Tito et al, 1993 &
Mascolo et al, 1987) (B 507)
○
Feverfew inhibits arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes
that may increase inflammation. (Williams, 1995) (S402)
- Insomnia
- Interstitial Cystitis
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
(IBS)
- Intraocular Pressure
Dong Quai has been shown to decrease intraocular pressure (Yoshihiro,
1985) (S358)
- Joint Inflammation
Two studies have shown that doses of 1.1 to
1.4 g GLA in borage seed oil reduces joint inflammation significantly
(Pullman-Mooar, 1990; Leventhal, 1993) (S)
- Liver Support
Preliminary research shows that active
components found in bupleurum possess anti-hypercholesterolemic
effects, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects as well as exhibiting potent
cytotoxic actions against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (Cheng et al,
2004; Wang et al, 2004; Chiang et al, 2003)
- Macular Degeneration
A review done at UNC and published in 2000 found that overall it appears that
antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids)
especially those from food sources, have important roles in preventing
pathogenic processes related to macular degeneration. (McDermott 2000)
-
Bilberry
may be useful for the prevention and
treatment of macular degeneration of the eye (Bravetti, 1989) (S106)
- Menopausal Syndrome
Dong Quai
(Angelica) when combined
with peony, alisma and cnidium increased progesterone secretion by means of
its action in the corpora lutea (Usuki, 1991) (S 358)
o
A double-blind, placebo controlled study involving 104 women with
menopausal symptoms found that soy protein provided significant relief as
compared to placebo. (Albertazzi et al, 1998) (B681) Similarly, after 3 weeks,
participants taking daily doses of 60 g of soy protein were having 26% fewer hot
flashes, and by week 12, the reduction was 45%. (Albertazzi et al, 1998) (B681)
○
A group of 58 menopausal women, who experienced an average of 14 hot
flashes per week, supplemented their diets with either wheat flour or soy flour
every day for 3 months; the women taking the soy reduced their hot
flashes by 40%. (Murkies et al, 1995) (L332)
- Migraines
-
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
showed that the total number of days of migraine pain were significantly
reduced by butterbur compared to the placebo group. (Grossmann,
2000)(B)
-
Another study showed a 56% reduction in
migraines using butterbur. (Eaton 1998) (S 192)
-
In a systematic review by Ernst & Pittler
(2000) they concluded that feverfew is likely to be effective in the
prevention of migraine and that there are no major safety problems.
-
5-HTP
is useful for migraine headache prophylaxis
(Titus et al, 1986).(B)
-
CoQ10
has shown promise as a migraine preventive agent. (Rozen, 2000) (S 289)
o
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 70 pregnant women with
morning sickness found that ginger significantly reduced nausea and the
number of vomiting episodes. (Vutyavanich et al, 2001) (B589)
o
Benefits of using ginger in treating the nausea and
vomiting of pregnancy were seen in a double-blind crossover trial of 27 women.
(Fischer-Rasmussen et al 1991) (B589)
- Neural Tube Defects
Very strong evidence indicates that regular
use of folate by pregnant women can reduce the risk of neural tube
defects by 50%. (Werler et al 1993) (B567)
- Night Vision
Bilberry
significantly improves night vision. (Sala
1979; Caselli 1985) (S106)
- Obesity
5-HTP
is useful for obesity (Cangiano et al,
1992).(B)
- Osteoarthritis
-
A poorly designed study found suggestive
evidence that cat’s claw might reduce osteoarthritis symptoms.
(Piscoya, 2001)(B)
-
There is evidence that capsaicin cream
may be helpful for relieving pain due to various types of arthritis. (B)
-
In a review published in 2003 it was
concluded that in short-term clinical trials, glucosamine provided
effective symptomatic relief for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
In addition, glucosamine has shown promising results in modifying the
progression of arthritis over a 3-year period. Glucosamine may therefore
prove to be a useful treatment option for osteoarthritis. (Matheson & Perry
2003)
-
Clinical findings have revealed that
glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are effect and safer
alternatives than NSAIDs to alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
Experimental evidence indicates that these compounds and their low molecular
weight derivatives have a particular tropism for cartilage where they serve
as substrates in the biosynthesis of component building blocks. (de los
Reyes et al 2000)
-
According to a review by Reginster et al
preliminary results obtained in patients with osteoarthritis of the hands
suggests that chondroitin sulfate could be used for inhibiting the
structural progression of osteoarthritis.
(Reginster et al 2003)
-
A review by Volpi found that chondroitin
sulfate produces a slow but gradual decrease of the clinical symptoms of
osteoarthritis and these benefits last for a long period after the end of
treatment. Literature data shows that chondroitin sulfate could have
an anti-inflammatory activity and a chondroprotective action by modifying
the structure of cartilage. (Volpi 2004)
o
In a study involving 56 patients (28 with rheumatoid arthritis, 18
with osteoarthritis and 10 with muscular discomfort) who used powdered ginger
against their afflictions. Amongst the arthritis patients more than 75%
experienced, to varying degrees, relief in pain and swelling. All the patients
with muscular discomfort experienced pain relief. (Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992)
-
A meta-analysis published in 2000 in JAMA
concluded that trials of glucosamine and chondroitin preparations for
osteoarthritis symptoms demonstrate moderate to large effects. (McAlindon et
al 2000)
-
In published studies glucosamine used
in a dosage of 1.5 grams daily is, after a period of 2 to 4 weeks, just as
effective as low doses of NSAIDs in alleviating the pain of osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin sulphate has been less well investigated; but there are
indications that it affects the symptoms of osteoarthritis, even though this
effect only occurs after a longer period of time. (Bijlsma 2002)
-
Clinical trials of glucosamine and
chondroitin sulfate showed substantial benefit in the treatment of
osteoarthritis. (Deal & Moskowitz, 1999)
-
Chondroitin
apparently works by attracting essential fluid into the joints, which
thereby acts as a shock absorber. It also attracts needed nutrients into
cartilage. (Benedikt, 1997)(S)
- In a study using 500 mg three times daily of
glucosamine sulfate or placebo it was found that osteoarthritic severity
significantly improved in the treated group as compared to the placebo.
(Noack et al, 1994) (B611)
- In a study comparing 1200 mg/day of ibuprofen to
glucosamine sulfate in treating osteoarthritis of the knee it was found
that although ibuprofen produced faster results, both groups experienced
comparable relief at the end of 4 weeks. In addition, although 35% of the
ibuprofen-treated group complained of side effects only 6% of the
glucosamine group did so. (Muller-Fassbender et al, 1994) (B611)
Essentially equivalent results were seen in a similar 4 week, double-blind
trial of 178 patients treated with glucosamine sulfate for knee
osteoarthritis. (Qiu et al, 1998) (B611)
-
One double-blind, placebo-controlled study
of 212 individuals over 3 years found radiologic evidence of reduced
cartilage loss in the treated group, suggesting glucosamine is a
disease-modifying drug in osteoarthritis. (Reginster et al 2001) (B612)
-
Dandelion root
may have potential use as an
anti-inflammatory agent in osteoarthritis. (Tito et al, 1993 & Mascolo et
al, 1987) (B 507)
- Osteoporosis
Numerous well-designed studies indicate that
calcium supplementation at recommended dosages has been found to help
prevent and slow nonvertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women. (Cumming,
1990; Dawson-Hughes et al, 1990)(B)
o
DHEA may have an anti-osteoporotic effect especially in women over
70, but probably not in men. (Labrie et al, 1997) (B 515)
o
In one study, that evaluated the benefits of soy isoflavones in
osteoporosis, a total of 66 postmenopausal women took either placebo (soy
protein with isoflavones removed) or soy protein containing 56 or 90 mg of soy
isoflavones daily for 6 months. The group that took the higher dosage of
isoflavones showed significant gains in spinal bone density. (Knight et al,
1999) (B682)
o
Unlike estrogen, which inhibits bone resorption, the soy
isoflavone genistein may enhance new bone formation. (Fanti et al 1998) (B683)
o
A recent study shows that bone loss in the spine decreases with
the addition of soy-rich products to the diets of perimenopausal women. (Alekel,
2000) (S884)
- Otitis Media
- Parkinson Disease
A study published in 2002 concluded that
CoQ10 appears to slow the progressive deterioration of function in
Parkinson disease, but these results need to be confirmed in a larger study.
- Periodontal Disease
One study found that the proanthocyanidins in
cranberry juice altered subgingival microbes and therefore would be
able to control periodontal disease. (Weiss, 1998) (S, 325 & B, 491)
- Peripheral Neuropathy
-
Research has shown that capsaicin cream
is an effective and safe treatment for relief of the pain associated with
diabetic neuropathy. (Tandan, 1992) (S)
- A
study of 111 patients with mild diabetic neuropathy given 6 g of evening
primrose oil for one year found demonstrated improvement in diabetic
neuropathy symptoms without change in serum glucose levels. (Keen et al
1993) (B572)
-
A study published in 2000 demonstrated that
in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy alpha-lipoic acid improves
microcirculation. (Haak et al, 2000)
- PMS
1200 mg daily of calcium carbonate
reduced PMS symptoms by half over a period of 3 menstrual cycles.
(Thys-Jacobs, 1989) (B)
-
Three studies have shown that chaste tree
significantly reduces PMS symptoms. (Lauritzen, 1997; Berger, 2000; Loch,
2000)(S)
- Pregnancy Support
- Premature Ventricular
Contractions Berberine
can suppress premature ventricular contractions without serious side effects.
(S)
-
Dong Quai
has been shown to decrease premature ventricular contractions (Zhuang, 1991)
(S 358)
· Psoriasis
Aloe
is useful when applied topically for psoriasis. In one double-blind,
placebo-controlled study aloe cream produced significant improvement compared to
placebo. (Syed et al 1996) (B 363)
- Raynaud’s
GLA may be
beneficial for Raynaud’s phenomenon. (Belch et al, 1985) (B574)
-
Preliminary controlled studies suggest that
fish oil may be of benefit in Raynaud’s phenomenon. (DiGiacomo et al
1989; Ringer et al 1989) (B556)
- Respiratory Infections
(Minor)
- Restless Legs Syndrome
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
-
Boswellia
decreases leukotriene synthesis that is responsible for maintaining
inflammation and edema. (Bruneton, 1995; Gupta et al, 1997) (S)
o
In clinical trials of Boswellia, promising results were observed
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (Ammon, 2002)
-
Preliminary research suggests that
boswellia may protect cartilage from damage (Reddy, 1989) (B)
-
There is evidence that capsaicin cream
may be helpful for relieving pain due to various types of arthritis. (B)
- Dandelion root
may have potential use as an anti-inflammatory agent rheumatoid
arthritis. (Tito et al, 1993 & Mascolo et al, 1987) (B 507)
- Feverfew may decrease the release of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes in joints that are arthritic and inflamed.
(Heptinstall, 1998) (S402)
- Fish oil - Thirteen double-blind,
placebo-controlled studies involving a total of more than 500 individuals
found that omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can reduce the symptoms of
rheumatoid arthritis. (James & Cleland 1997; Volker et al 2000)(B294)
- Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) - In a double-blind
study of 56 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 16 of 21 patients treated
with 2.8 g/day of GLA for 1 year significantly improved compared to those in
the placebo group. (Zurier et al 1996)(B294)
o
In a study involving 56 patients (28 with rheumatoid arthritis, 18
with osteoarthritis and 10 with muscular discomfort) who used powdered ginger
against their afflictions. Amongst the arthritis patients more than 75%
experienced, to varying degrees, relief in pain and swelling. All the patients
with muscular discomfort experienced pain relief. (Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992)
-
Devil's claw
- A 2 month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of devil's claw
following 89 individuals with various rheumatoid disorders found a
significant decrease in joint pain intensity and an improvement in
mobility. Another double-blind study of devil's claw in 50 individuals with
various types of arthritis showed that 10-day treatment provided significant
pain relief. (ESCOP 1996-1997)(B294)
- Schizophrenia
Chewing betel decreases symptomatology
in schizophrenia. (Sullivan, 2000) (S)
- Seborrhea
Aloe
is useful when applied topically for seborrhea. In one double-blind,
placebo-controlled study aloe ointment could significantly reduce symptoms of
seborrhea. (Vardy et al 1999) (B 363)
- Sexual Dysfunction in Women
- Sore Throat
- Surgery Support
- SLE (Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus) DHEA
was found to reduce many symptoms in patients suffering from systemic lupus
erythematosus. However it was found to adversely affect the ratio of total
cholesterol to HDL and to raise levels of testosterone. (Mease et al, 2000) (B
515)
-
Preliminary controlled studies suggest that
fish oil may be of benefit in systemic lupus erythematosus. (Walton
et al 1991)(B556)
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Tinnitus
- Ulcer (Peptic)
- Ulcerative Colitis
In clinical trials of Boswellia,
promising results were observed in patients with ulcerative colitis. (Ammon,
2002)
- Upper Respiratory Tract
Infection Prevention In a study published
in 2001 participants receiving garlic were almost two-thirds less
likely to develop an upper respiratory infection than those who received
placebo. Furthermore, those who did develop an upper respiratory infection
recovered about one day faster in the garlic group as compared to the placebo
group. (Morcos & Camilo 2001) (B578)
- Urinary Tract Infection
Prevention
-
An unpublished trial presented at the June
2001 American Urological Assn. found that both cranberry juice and
cranberry tablets significantly reduced the number of episodes of
symptomatic urinary tract infections. (Stothers, 2001) (B 490)
o
Two studies found that cranberry juice is useful in the prevention
(but not the treatment) of urinary tact infections. (Jackson, 1997; Jepson,
2000) (S 324)
- Urolithiasis
- Urticaria
- Uterine Fibroids
- Vaginal Infection
- Venous Insufficiency
(Chronic)
-
Bilberry
extracts appear to reduce capillary leakage in venous insufficiency.
(Morazzoni et al 1996) (B)
-
Several studies have confirmed the use of
butcher’s broom in treating chronic venous insufficiency (Cappelli,
1988; Facino, 1995; Bouskela, 1994 and Vanscheidt, 2002) (S)
-
Diosmin/Hesperidin
significantly improved symptoms of severe chronic venous insufficiency
(Laurent et al, 1988)(B 520)
- Vertigo
A 3 month, double-blind study of 70 persons
with a variety of vertiginous syndromes found that ginkgo extract given
at a dose of 160 mg twice daily produced results superior to placebo.
(Haguenauer et al, 1986) (B597)
- Weight Loss
(This section is still in the process of being
written up.)
The following herbs are highly toxic and we do not
recommend their use:
- Akebia
- Aristolochia
- Asarum
- Belladonna
- Bloodroot (internally)
- Calamus
- Chien-li-kuang
- Clematis
- Dictamnus
- Digitalis
- Echinacea
if taken during pregnancy may promote
spontaneous abortions. Therefore Echinacea is contra-indicated for
pregnant women. (Chow et al 2006) (Barcz et al 2007)
- Eupatorium
- Henbane
- Lithospermum
- Lobelia
- Mandrake
- Mo dou lin
- Pei-lan
- Pennyroyal essential oil
(internally)
- Pomegranate peel
- Stephania
- Tansy
- Virginia snakeroot
Selected references for the above: (Dharmananda, Bag of
Pearls, 2002 & 2004; Dharmananda, Aug. 2000; Dharmananda, Apr. 2003;
Dharmananda, May 2001; Lenz & Baugh-Meyer, 2000)
·
In order to appreciate how modern science is approaching the
question of herbal efficacy and safety we thought it would be good to include
some scientific studies to see how scientists are tackling these issues. The
gold standards for assessing efficacy and safety are large, well-designed,
randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. Systematic reviews require
that all trials which meet specified criteria must be included in the review,
regardless of the trial results. In the midst of the information explosion
clinicians rank reviews as their most preferred source of new information.
(Stux & Hammerschlag, 2001) With this in
mind we would like to cite some systematic reviews that have been done on herbs.
·
Coon and Ernst (2002) conducted a systematic review on the
adverse effects and drug interactions of Panax ginseng.
Systematic searches were performed in five electronic databases and the
reference lists of all papers located were checked for further relevant
publications. Data from the clinical trials suggest that the incidence of
adverse events with ginseng monopreparations is similar to that with placebo.
The most commonly experienced adverse events are headache, sleep and
gastrointestinal disorders. Combination products containing ginseng as one of
several constituents have been associated with serious adverse events and even
fatalities. Interpretation of these cases is difficult, as ingredients other
than P. ginseng may have caused the problems. Possible drug interactions have
been reported between P. ginseng and warfarin, phenelzine and alcohol.
Collectively, these data suggest that P. ginseng monopreparations are rarely
associated with adverse events or drug interactions.
·
In another systematic review done by Thompson-Coon and Ernst
(2003) on herbs for serum cholesterol reduction
25 randomized clinical trials involving 11 herbal medicinal products were
identified. They found that Guggul (Commiphora mukul), fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum), red yeast rice and artichoke (Cynara scolymus) have been most
extensively studied and have demonstrated reductions in total serum cholesterol
levels of between 10% and 33%. They concluded that further research is
warranted to establish the value of these extracts in the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia.
·
In a systematic review done by Yeh et al (2003) on
herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in
diabetes they found that the
evidence for improved glucose control was positive in 76% out of 58 trials; and
that very few adverse effects were reported. They concluded that the best
evidence for efficacy is available for ivy gourd (Coccinia indica) and
American ginseng. Other supplements with positive preliminary results include
Gymnema sylvestre, Aloe vera, vanadium, bitter melon (Momordica
charantia) and prickly pear cactus (nopal).
·
Ernst & Pittler (2000) conducted an update of a systematic review
on the efficacy and safety of feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium L.). They conducted
literature searches using Medline, Embase, Biosis, CISCOM and the Cochrane
Library and only six trials mete their inclusion/exclusion criteria. The
majority favour feverfew over placebo. Yet important caveats exist. The data
also suggest that feverfew is associated with only mild and transient adverse
effects and few other safety concerns. They conclude that feverfew is likely to
be effective in the prevention of migraine and that there are no major safety
problems.
·
A systematic review of the safety of
black cohosh was conducted by Huntley and Ernst (2003). In this
review systematic literature searches were conducted in seven electronic
databases and the reference lists of all papers located were checked for further
relevant publications. Information was also sought from WHO and national drug
safety bodies. The data from the clinical studies and spontaneous reporting
programs suggest that adverse events with black cohosh are rare, mild and
reversible. Gastrointestinal upsets and rashes are the most common adverse
events. They concluded that if black cohosh products are taken for a limited
length of time, there seems to be a slight risk of mild, transient adverse
effects. More serious adverse effects seem to be rare, and it is impossible to
ascertain causality with black cohosh with the limited data available. Thus,
although definitive evidence is not available, it would seem that black cohosh
is a safe herbal medicine.
Where to find out more about information on Herbs and
Supplements
·
For detailed information and studies on Chinese herbs we recommend
consulting the excellent websites of the Institute of Traditional Medicine at
www.itmonline.org and Natura Health Products website at:
www.naturahealthproducts.com.
·
For a well researched herbal database with links to PubMed
abstracts we recommend
Herbmed.org .
·
For information on herbal safety and quality Steven Foster, the
lead editorial adviser of Herbs for Health, recommends several websites
including the American Botanical Council website at
www.herbalgram.org and the American Herbal Products Association website at
www.ahpa.org. (McCullough 2000)
·
For information on the latest published systematic reviews and
studies on herbs we recommend consulting the vast database of Medline at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/.
·
For information on the side effects of drugs as well as drug-drug
interactions we find the following website useful:
www.drugs.com.
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